Two lignocellulosic agricultural residues, sunflower stalks and rape straw, were investigated as potential low-cost, non-food substrates for the production of triacylglycerols by the oleaginous, lignocellulolytic bacteria Streptomyces lividans. Chemical analysis of each type of residue revealed similar cell wall compositions in the polysaccharides and lignins of the two feedstocks, with high lignin beta-O-4 bond content compared to other angiosperms' lignin. Growing tests of Streptomyces lividans TK 24 were performed before and after sequential water and ethanol extraction by assessing bacterial fatty acid accumulation. All extracted and non-extracted samples were found to be substrates of the bacteria with fatty acid production ranging between 19% and 44% of the production obtained with arabinose as a reference substrate. The maximum conversion rate was obtained with the less lignified, non-extracted sample. This study suggests that lignocellulosic residues from oleaginous crops could be advantageously valorized by microbial bioconversion processes for the production of lipids of interest.