By their ability to self-renew or differentiate into gametes, the spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are essential for sperm production throughout the life of male. The work done during the thesis had for objective the understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms potentially involved in the fate of the SSC in the teleost fish. With a new line of transgenic zebrafish expressing GFP under the control of a new gene promoter fragment vasa, we characterized a subpopulation of undifferentiated spermatogonia composed of asymmetric doublet. The observation of the GFP protein indicates that these doublets can fragment to generate isolated spermatogonia. Transplantation of fluorescent spermatogonial cells into the abdominal cavity of a recipient embryo shows that these cells have all functional properties of SSC. All our observations suggest that asymmetric doublet constitute a pool of stem cells with bivalent fate:they can continue their sperm differentiation or participate in the dynamic renewal of SSC pool. A rnaseq based transcritpome analysis of transcripts expressed in undifferentiated spermatogonia fluorescent and Sertoli cells highlights the diversity of paracrine regulatory pathways potentially involved in the control of the SSC (cell adhesion molecules, cytokines, growth factors, primary metabolites). Phylogenetic analyzes show that some of these regulatory pathways are well conserved among all Gnathostomes while others were lost in tetrapods or mammals only. A comparative approach initiated in rainbow trout generic confirms the interest of the data acquired in th