In order to investigate potential links existing between Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) population structure and disease development during polyetic take-all epidemics in sequences of Ggt host cereals, seven epidemics in fields with different cropping histories were monitored during the seasons 2001/2002 (two fields), 2002/2003 (two fields) and 2003/2004 (three fields). Take-all incidence and severity were measured at stem elongation and Ggt populations were characterized. The 73 isolates collected in the two fields in 2001/2002 were distributed into two multilocus genotypes, G1 and G2 according to amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis. A monolocus molecular marker amplified by F-12 random amplification polymorphism DNA primer sizing between 1.9 and 2.0 kb that gave strictly the same distinction between the two multilocus genotypes was further applied to measure G1/G2 frequencies among Ggt populations in all fields (266 isolates). The ratios of G1 to G2 differed between fields with different cropping histories. A linear relationship between G2 frequency among Ggt populations and disease severity at stem elongation was measured during the three cropping seasons. When take-all decline was observed, G2 frequencies were low in first wheat crops, highest in short-term sequences and intermediate in longer sequences of consecutive crops of Ggt host cereals. This pattern could be the result of population selection by environmental conditions, in particular by microbial antagonism during the parasitic phase of the fungus. In order to better understand take-all epidemic dynamics, the distinction between these two genotypes could be a basis to develop models that link approaches of quantitative epidemiology and advances in population genetics of Ggt